--- _id: '522' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Electrospinning can be used to produce nanofiber mats. One of the often used polymers for electrospinning is polyacrylonitrile (PAN), especially for the production of carbon nanofibers, but also for a diverse number of other applications. For some of these applications—e.g., creation of nano-filters—the dimensional stability of the nanofiber mats is crucial. While relaxation processes—especially dry, wet and washing relaxation—are well-known and often investigated for knitted fabrics, the dimensional stability of nanofiber mats has not yet been investigated. Here we report on the wet relaxation of PAN nanofiber mats, which are dependent on spinning and solution parameters such as: voltage, electrode distance, nanofiber mat thickness, and solid content in the solution. Our results show that wet relaxation has a significant effect on the samples, resulting in a dimensional change that has to be taken into account for nanofiber mats in wet applications. While the first and second soaking in pure water resulted in an increase of the nanofiber mat area up to approximately 5%, the dried sample, after the second soaking, conversely showed an area reduced by a maximum of 5%. For soaking in soap water, small areal decreases between approximately 1–4% were measured.' article_number: '23' article_type: original author: - first_name: Timo full_name: Grothe, Timo id: '221330' last_name: Grothe orcid: 0000-0002-9099-4277 orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0002-9099-4277/work/94763690 - first_name: Lilia full_name: Sabantina, Lilia last_name: Sabantina - first_name: Michaela full_name: Klöcker, Michaela last_name: Klöcker - first_name: Irén full_name: Juhász Junger, Irén last_name: Juhász Junger - first_name: Christoph full_name: Döpke, Christoph last_name: Döpke - first_name: Andrea full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea id: '223776' last_name: Ehrmann orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905 orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/94763691 citation: alphadin: 'Grothe, Timo ; Sabantina, Lilia ; Klöcker, Michaela ; Juhász Junger, Irén ; Döpke, Christoph ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Wet relaxation of electrospun nanofiber mats. In: Technologies Bd. 7 (2019), Nr. 1' ama: Grothe T, Sabantina L, Klöcker M, Juhász Junger I, Döpke C, Ehrmann A. Wet relaxation of electrospun nanofiber mats. Technologies . 2019;7(1). doi:10.3390/technologies7010023 apa: Grothe, T., Sabantina, L., Klöcker, M., Juhász Junger, I., Döpke, C., & Ehrmann, A. (2019). Wet relaxation of electrospun nanofiber mats. Technologies , 7(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies7010023 bibtex: '@article{Grothe_Sabantina_Klöcker_Juhász Junger_Döpke_Ehrmann_2019, title={Wet relaxation of electrospun nanofiber mats}, volume={7}, DOI={10.3390/technologies7010023}, number={123}, journal={Technologies }, author={Grothe, Timo and Sabantina, Lilia and Klöcker, Michaela and Juhász Junger, Irén and Döpke, Christoph and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2019} }' chicago: Grothe, Timo, Lilia Sabantina, Michaela Klöcker, Irén Juhász Junger, Christoph Döpke, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Wet Relaxation of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats.” Technologies 7, no. 1 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies7010023. ieee: T. Grothe, L. Sabantina, M. Klöcker, I. Juhász Junger, C. Döpke, and A. Ehrmann, “Wet relaxation of electrospun nanofiber mats,” Technologies , vol. 7, no. 1, 2019. mla: Grothe, Timo, et al. “Wet Relaxation of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats.” Technologies , vol. 7, no. 1, 23, 2019, doi:10.3390/technologies7010023. short: T. Grothe, L. Sabantina, M. Klöcker, I. Juhász Junger, C. Döpke, A. Ehrmann, Technologies 7 (2019). date_created: 2019-05-30T20:43:16Z date_updated: 2021-06-01T09:09:00Z department: - _id: '103' doi: 10.3390/technologies7010023 file: - access_level: open_access content_type: application/pdf creator: aehrmann date_created: 2019-05-30T20:43:03Z date_updated: 2019-05-30T20:43:03Z file_id: '523' file_name: _2019_Grothe_technologies7_23.pdf file_size: 3341045 relation: main_file file_date_updated: 2019-05-30T20:43:03Z funded_apc: '1' has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 7' issue: '1' keyword: - electrospinning - filter - wet relaxation - dimensions - polyacrylonitrile (PAN) language: - iso: eng oa: '1' publication: 'Technologies ' publication_status: published quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Wet relaxation of electrospun nanofiber mats type: journal_article user_id: '237837' volume: 7 year: '2019' ... --- _id: '599' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Electrospinning is a well-known technology used to create nanofiber mats from diverse polymers and other materials. Due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, such nanofiber mats are often applied as air or water filters. Especially the latter, however, have to be mechanically highly stable, which is challenging for common nanofiber mats. One of the approaches to overcome this problem is gluing them on top of more rigid objects, integrating them in composites, or reinforcing them using other technologies to avoid damage due to the water pressure. Here, we suggest another solution. While direct 3D printing with the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique on macroscopic textile fabrics has been under examination by several research groups for years, here we report on direct FDM printing on nanofiber mats for the first time. We show that by choosing the proper height of the printing nozzle above the nanofiber mat, printing is possible for raw polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mats, as well as for stabilized and even more brittle carbonized material. Under these conditions, the adhesion between both parts of the composite is high enough to prevent the nanofiber mat from being peeled off the 3D printed polymer. Abrasion tests emphasize the significantly increased mechanical properties, while contact angle examinations reveal a hydrophilicity between the original values of the electrospun and the 3D printed materials. ' article_number: '1618' article_type: original author: - first_name: Tomasz full_name: Kozior, Tomasz last_name: Kozior - first_name: Marah full_name: Trabelsi, Marah last_name: Trabelsi - first_name: Al full_name: Mamun, Al last_name: Mamun - first_name: Lilia full_name: Sabantina, Lilia last_name: Sabantina - first_name: Andrea full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea id: '223776' last_name: Ehrmann orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905 citation: alphadin: 'Kozior, Tomasz ; Trabelsi, Marah ; Mamun, Al ; Sabantina, Lilia ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Stabilization of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Used for Filters by 3D Printing . In: Polymers Bd. 11, MDPI (2019), Nr. 10' ama: Kozior T, Trabelsi M, Mamun A, Sabantina L, Ehrmann A. Stabilization of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Used for Filters by 3D Printing . Polymers. 2019;11(10). doi:10.3390/polym11101618 apa: Kozior, T., Trabelsi, M., Mamun, A., Sabantina, L., & Ehrmann, A. (2019). Stabilization of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Used for Filters by 3D Printing . Polymers, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101618 bibtex: '@article{Kozior_Trabelsi_Mamun_Sabantina_Ehrmann_2019, title={ Stabilization of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Used for Filters by 3D Printing }, volume={11}, DOI={10.3390/polym11101618}, number={101618}, journal={Polymers}, publisher={MDPI}, author={Kozior, Tomasz and Trabelsi, Marah and Mamun, Al and Sabantina, Lilia and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2019} }' chicago: Kozior, Tomasz, Marah Trabelsi, Al Mamun, Lilia Sabantina, and Andrea Ehrmann. “ Stabilization of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Used for Filters by 3D Printing .” Polymers 11, no. 10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101618. ieee: T. Kozior, M. Trabelsi, A. Mamun, L. Sabantina, and A. Ehrmann, “ Stabilization of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Used for Filters by 3D Printing ,” Polymers, vol. 11, no. 10, 2019. mla: Kozior, Tomasz, et al. “ Stabilization of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Used for Filters by 3D Printing .” Polymers, vol. 11, no. 10, 1618, MDPI, 2019, doi:10.3390/polym11101618. short: T. Kozior, M. Trabelsi, A. Mamun, L. Sabantina, A. Ehrmann, Polymers 11 (2019). date_created: 2019-10-06T09:19:53Z date_updated: 2021-01-18T15:32:28Z ddc: - '670' department: - _id: '103' doi: 10.3390/polym11101618 file: - access_level: open_access content_type: application/pdf creator: aehrmann date_created: 2019-10-06T09:18:09Z date_updated: 2019-10-06T09:18:09Z file_id: '600' file_name: _2019_Kozior_Polymers11_1618.pdf file_size: 1442387 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2019-10-06T09:18:09Z funded_apc: '1' has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 11' issue: '10' keyword: - nanofiber mat - electrospinning - water filter - 3D printing - FDM printing - adhesion - stabilization - carbonization language: - iso: eng oa: '1' publication: Polymers publication_status: published publisher: MDPI quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: ' Stabilization of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Used for Filters by 3D Printing ' type: journal_article user_id: '237837' volume: 11 year: '2019' ... --- _id: '623' abstract: - lang: eng text: Electrospinning is a frequently used method to prepare air and water filters. Electrospun nanofiber mats can have very small pores, allowing for filtering of even the smallest particles or molecules. In addition, their high surface-to-volume ratio allows for the integration of materials which may additionally treat the filtered material through photo-degradation, possess antimicrobial properties, etc., thus enhancing their applicability. However, the fine nanofiber mats are prone to mechanical damage. Possible solutions include reinforcement by embedding them in composites or gluing them onto layers that are more mechanically stable. In a previous study, we showed that it is generally possible to stabilize electrospun nanofiber mats by 3D printing rigid polymer layers onto them. Since this procedure is not technically easy and needs some experience to avoid delamination as well as damaging the nanofiber mat by the hot nozzle, here we report on the reversed technique (i.e., first 3D printing a rigid scaffold and subsequently electrospinning the nanofiber mat on top of it). We show that, although the adhesion between both materials is insufficient in the case of a common rigid printing polymer, nanofiber mats show strong adhesion to 3D printed scaffolds from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). This paves the way to a second approach of combining 3D printing and electrospinning in order to prepare mechanically stable filters with a nanofibrous surface. article_number: '2034' article_type: original author: - first_name: Tomasz full_name: Kozior, Tomasz last_name: Kozior - first_name: Al full_name: Mamun, Al last_name: Mamun - first_name: Marah full_name: Trabelsi, Marah last_name: Trabelsi - first_name: Martin full_name: Wortmann, Martin last_name: Wortmann - first_name: Sabantina full_name: Lilia, Sabantina last_name: Lilia - first_name: Andrea full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea last_name: Ehrmann date_created: 2021-01-03T13:28:16Z date_updated: 2021-01-18T15:32:28Z ddc: - '620' department: - _id: '103' doi: 10.3390/polym11122034 file: - access_level: open_access content_type: application/pdf creator: aehrmann date_created: 2021-01-03T13:27:23Z date_updated: 2021-01-03T13:27:23Z file_id: '624' file_name: _2019_Kozior_Polymers11_02034_corr.pdf file_size: 4911061 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2021-01-03T13:27:23Z funded_apc: '1' has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 11' issue: '12' keyword: - electrospinning - 3D printing - FDM printing - nanofiber mat - adhesion - water filter language: - iso: eng oa: '1' publication: Polymers publication_identifier: issn: - 2073-4360 publication_status: published quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Electrospinning on 3D Printed Polymers for Mechanically Stabilized Filter Composites type: journal_article user_id: '223776' volume: 11 year: '2019' ...