[{"doi":"10.3390/polym13010164","citation":{"short":"G. Ehrmann, A. Ehrmann, Polymers 13 (2021).","apa":"Ehrmann, G., & Ehrmann, A. (2021). Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills. Polymers, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010164","mla":"Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills.” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 1, 164, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:10.3390/polym13010164.","ama":"Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills. Polymers. 2021;13(1). doi:10.3390/polym13010164","alphadin":"Ehrmann, Guido ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills. In: Polymers Bd. 13, MDPI AG (2021), Nr. 1","chicago":"Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills.” Polymers 13, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010164.","bibtex":"@article{Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2021, title={Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills}, volume={13}, DOI={10.3390/polym13010164}, number={1164}, journal={Polymers}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Ehrmann, Guido and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2021} }","ieee":"G. Ehrmann and A. Ehrmann, “Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 1, 2021."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"103"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Ehrmann, Guido","first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Ehrmann"},{"last_name":"Ehrmann","full_name":"Ehrmann, Andrea","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105571165","first_name":"Andrea","orcid":"0000-0003-0695-3905","id":"223776"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2073-4360"]},"article_number":"164","title":"Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills","date_created":"2022-01-01T14:47:53Z","_id":"1633","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":" Polylactic acid (PLA) belongs to the few thermoplastic polymers that are derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugar cane. PLA is often used in 3D printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM) as it is relatively easy to print, does not show warping and can be printed without a closed building chamber. On the other hand, PLA has interesting mechanical properties which are influenced by the printing parameters and geometries. Here we present shape-memory properties of PLA cubes with different infill patterns and percentages, extending the research reported before in a conference paper. We investigate the material response under defined quasi-static load as well as the possibility to restore the original 3D printed shape. The quasi-static flexural properties are linked to the porosity and the infill structure of the samples under investigation as well as to the numbers of closed top layers, examined optically and by simulations. Our results underline the importance of designing the infill patterns carefully to develop samples with desired mechanical properties.\r\n "}],"status":"public","issue":"1","article_type":"original","date_updated":"2022-01-01T15:10:09Z","user_id":"223776","publication":"Polymers","publisher":"MDPI AG","volume":13,"type":"journal_article","oa":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2021","keyword":["polylactic acid (PLA)","fused deposition modeling","3-point bending test","infill parameters","infill density","shape-memory properties"],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010164"}],"intvolume":" 13"},{"type":"journal_article","oa":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"quality_controlled":"1","keyword":["polylactic acid (PLA)","fused deposition modeling (FDM)","three-point bending test","infill parameters","infill density","shape-memory properties"],"year":"2021","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081275","open_access":"1"}],"intvolume":" 13","issue":"8","article_type":"original","date_updated":"2022-01-01T15:04:04Z","publication":"Polymers","user_id":"223776","publisher":"MDPI AG","volume":13,"date_created":"2022-01-01T14:20:58Z","title":"Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree","_id":"1610","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":" Poly(lactic acid) is not only one of the most often used materials for 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM), but also a shape-memory polymer. This means that objects printed from PLA can, to a certain extent, be deformed and regenerate their original shape automatically when they are heated to a moderate temperature of about 60–100 °C. It is important to note that pure PLA cannot restore broken bonds, so that it is necessary to find structures which can take up large forces by deformation without full breaks. Here we report on the continuation of previous tests on 3D-printed cubes with different infill patterns and degrees, now investigating the influence of the orientation of the applied pressure on the recovery properties. We find that for the applied gyroid pattern, indentation on the front parallel to the layers gives the worst recovery due to nearly full layer separation, while indentation on the front perpendicular to the layers or diagonal gives significantly better results. Pressing from the top, either diagonal or parallel to an edge, interestingly leads to a different residual strain than pressing from front, with indentation on top always firstly leading to an expansion towards the indenter after the first few quasi-static load tests. To quantitatively evaluate these results, new measures are suggested which could be adopted by other groups working on shape-memory polymers.\r\n "}],"status":"public","doi":"10.3390/polym13081275","citation":{"ama":"Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree. Polymers. 2021;13(8). doi:10.3390/polym13081275","mla":"Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree.” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 8, 1275, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:10.3390/polym13081275.","apa":"Ehrmann, G., & Ehrmann, A. (2021). Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree. Polymers, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081275","short":"G. Ehrmann, A. Ehrmann, Polymers 13 (2021).","ieee":"G. Ehrmann and A. Ehrmann, “Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 8, 2021.","bibtex":"@article{Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2021, title={Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree}, volume={13}, DOI={10.3390/polym13081275}, number={81275}, journal={Polymers}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Ehrmann, Guido and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2021} }","chicago":"Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree.” Polymers 13, no. 8 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081275.","alphadin":"Ehrmann, Guido ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree. In: Polymers Bd. 13, MDPI AG (2021), Nr. 8"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"103"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Guido","full_name":"Ehrmann, Guido","last_name":"Ehrmann"},{"last_name":"Ehrmann","full_name":"Ehrmann, Andrea","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105571915","first_name":"Andrea","orcid":"0000-0003-0695-3905","id":"223776"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2073-4360"]},"article_number":"1275"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2020, title={ Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures}, booktitle={The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials}, publisher={MDPI}, author={Ehrmann, Guido and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2020} }","ieee":"G. Ehrmann and A. Ehrmann, “ Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures,” in The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials, 2020.","alphadin":"Ehrmann, Guido ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures. In: The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials : MDPI, 2020","chicago":"Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “ Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures.” In The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials. MDPI, 2020.","mla":"Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “ Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures.” The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials, MDPI, 2020.","ama":"Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures. In: The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials. MDPI; 2020.","short":"G. Ehrmann, A. Ehrmann, in: The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials, MDPI, 2020.","apa":"Ehrmann, G., & Ehrmann, A. (2020). Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures. In The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials. MDPI."},"author":[{"last_name":"Ehrmann","first_name":"Guido","full_name":"Ehrmann, Guido"},{"full_name":"Ehrmann, Andrea","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105572577","first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Ehrmann","orcid":"0000-0003-0695-3905","id":"223776"}],"department":[{"_id":"103"}],"file":[{"file_size":1037888,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2021-01-03T17:53:23Z","file_name":"2020_EhrmannG_Sciforum.pdf","access_level":"open_access","file_id":"683","date_created":"2021-01-03T17:53:23Z","creator":"aehrmann","success":1,"relation":"main_file"}],"_id":"682","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","file_date_updated":"2021-01-03T17:53:23Z","date_created":"2021-01-03T17:54:51Z","title":" Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures","abstract":[{"text":"Polylactic acid (PLA) belongs to the few thermoplastic polymers that are derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugar cane. PLA is often used in 3D printing by fused deposition modelling (FDM) since it is relatively easy to print, does not show warping and can be printed without a closed building chamber. On the other hand, PLA has interesting mechanical properties which are influenced by the printing parameters and geometries. Here we present shape-memory properties of PLA cubes with different infill patterns and percentages. We investigate the material response under defined quasi-static load as well as the possibility to restore the original 3D printed shape. The quasi-static flexural properties are linked to the porosity and the infill structure of the samples under investigation, examined optically and by simulations. Our results underline the importance of designing the infill patterns carefully to develop samples with desired mechanical properties.","lang":"eng"}],"conference":{"end_date":"25 November 2020","name":"The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials","start_date":"5 November 2020"},"status":"public","date_updated":"2022-01-01T15:23:44Z","publication":"The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials","user_id":"223776","publisher":"MDPI","quality_controlled":"1","type":"conference","oa":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"year":"2020","keyword":["polylactic acid","fused deposition modelling","3 point bending test","infill parameters","infill density","shape-memory properties"]},{"date_created":"2022-01-01T14:39:25Z","title":"Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures","_id":"1626","publication_status":"published","conference":{"location":"Sciforum.net","name":"The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":" Polylactic acid (PLA) belongs to the few thermoplastic polymers that are derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugar cane. PLA is often used in 3D printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM) since it is relatively easy to print, does not show warping, and can be printed without a closed building chamber. On the other hand, PLA has interesting mechanical properties which are influenced by the printing parameters and geometries. Here we present shape-memory properties of PLA cubes with different infill patterns and percentages. We investigate the material response under defined quasi-static load as well as the possibility to restore the original 3D printed shape. The quasi-static flexural properties are linked to the porosity and the infill structure of the samples under investigation, examined optically and by simulations. Our results underline the importance of designing the infill patterns carefully to develop samples with desired mechanical properties. "}],"status":"public","citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2020, place={Basel, Switzerland}, title={Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures}, DOI={10.3390/CGPM2020-07198}, booktitle={Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020}, publisher={MDPI}, author={Ehrmann, Guido and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2020}, pages={7198} }","ieee":"G. Ehrmann and A. Ehrmann, “Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures,” in Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020, Sciforum.net, 2020, p. 7198.","alphadin":"Ehrmann, Guido ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures. In: Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020. Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, 2020, S. 7198","chicago":"Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures.” In Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020, 7198. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/CGPM2020-07198.","mla":"Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures.” Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020, MDPI, 2020, p. 7198, doi:10.3390/CGPM2020-07198.","ama":"Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures. In: Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI; 2020:7198. doi:10.3390/CGPM2020-07198","short":"G. Ehrmann, A. Ehrmann, in: Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020, MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 2020, p. 7198.","apa":"Ehrmann, G., & Ehrmann, A. (2020). Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures. In Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020 (p. 7198). Basel, Switzerland: MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/CGPM2020-07198"},"doi":"10.3390/CGPM2020-07198","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"103"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Guido","full_name":"Ehrmann, Guido","last_name":"Ehrmann"},{"id":"223776","orcid":"0000-0003-0695-3905","last_name":"Ehrmann","first_name":"Andrea","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105571396","full_name":"Ehrmann, Andrea"}],"page":"7198","type":"conference","oa":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"quality_controlled":"1","keyword":["polylactic acid","fused deposition modelling","3-point bending test","infill parameters","infill density","shape-memory properties"],"year":"2020","place":"Basel, Switzerland","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/CGPM2020-07198"}],"date_updated":"2022-01-01T14:54:53Z","user_id":"223776","publication":"Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020","publisher":"MDPI"}]