--- _id: '1578' abstract: - lang: eng text: " While shape memory alloys (SMAs) and shape memory polymers (SMPs) can already be found in diverse applications, shape memory textiles are less often used. Nevertheless, they are regularly investigated. Typical ways to produce shape memory textiles (SMTs) are introducing shape memory wires, printing shape memory polymers on them (“4D printing”), or using textile materials such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) which show shape memory properties on their own. This review gives a brief overview of these technological possibilities and possible applications of shape memory textiles.\r\n " article_type: review author: - first_name: Guido full_name: Ehrmann, Guido last_name: Ehrmann - first_name: Andrea full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea id: '223776' last_name: Ehrmann orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905 orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105572399 citation: alphadin: 'Ehrmann, Guido ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Shape memory textiles – technological background and possible applications. In: Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products Bd. 2, Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek Dresden (2021), Nr. 2, S. 162–172' ama: Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Shape memory textiles – technological background and possible applications. Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products. 2021;2(2):162-172. doi:10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p162-172 apa: Ehrmann, G., & Ehrmann, A. (2021). Shape memory textiles – technological background and possible applications. Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products, 2(2), 162–172. https://doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p162-172 bibtex: '@article{Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2021, title={Shape memory textiles – technological background and possible applications}, volume={2}, DOI={10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p162-172}, number={2}, journal={Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products}, publisher={Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek Dresden}, author={Ehrmann, Guido and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2021}, pages={162–172} }' chicago: 'Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Shape Memory Textiles – Technological Background and Possible Applications.” Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products 2, no. 2 (2021): 162–72. https://doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p162-172.' ieee: G. Ehrmann and A. Ehrmann, “Shape memory textiles – technological background and possible applications,” Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 162–172, 2021. mla: Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Shape Memory Textiles – Technological Background and Possible Applications.” Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products, vol. 2, no. 2, Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek Dresden, 2021, pp. 162–72, doi:10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p162-172. short: G. Ehrmann, A. Ehrmann, Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products 2 (2021) 162–172. date_created: 2022-01-01T12:47:24Z date_updated: 2022-01-01T15:20:09Z department: - _id: '103' doi: 10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p162-172 intvolume: ' 2' issue: '2' keyword: - shape memory properties - 3D printing - 4D printing - polyurethane - wrinkle-free - design - stimulus - smart textile - recovery language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: 'https://doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p162-172 ' oa: '1' page: 162-172 publication: Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products publication_identifier: eissn: - 2701-939X publication_status: published publisher: Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek Dresden quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Shape memory textiles – technological background and possible applications tmp: image: /images/cc_by_nc_nd.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: '223776' volume: 2 year: '2021' ... --- _id: '1590' abstract: - lang: eng text: " Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) belongs to the 3D printable materials which show shape-memory properties, i.e., which can recover their original shape after a deformation if they are heated above the glass transition temperature. This makes PLA quite an interesting material for diverse applications, such as bumpers, safety equipment for sports, etc. After investigating the influence of the infill design and degree, as well as the pressure orientation on the recovery properties of 3D printed PLA cubes in previous studies, here we report on differences between different PLA materials as well as on the impact of post-treatments after 3D printing by solvents or by heat. Our results show not only large differences between materials from different producers, but also a material-dependent impact of the post treatments. Generally, it is possible to tailor the mechanical and recovery properties of 3D printed PLA parts by choosing the proper material in combination with a chemical or temperature post-treatment.\r\n " article_number: '71' article_type: original author: - first_name: Guido full_name: Ehrmann, Guido last_name: Ehrmann - first_name: Bennet full_name: Brockhagen, Bennet last_name: Brockhagen - first_name: Andrea full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea id: '223776' last_name: Ehrmann orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905 orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105572294 citation: alphadin: 'Ehrmann, Guido ; Brockhagen, Bennet ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed Cubes from Diverse PLA Materials with Different Post-Treatments. In: Technologies Bd. 9, MDPI AG (2021), Nr. 4' ama: Ehrmann G, Brockhagen B, Ehrmann A. Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed Cubes from Diverse PLA Materials with Different Post-Treatments. Technologies. 2021;9(4). doi:10.3390/technologies9040071 apa: Ehrmann, G., Brockhagen, B., & Ehrmann, A. (2021). Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed Cubes from Diverse PLA Materials with Different Post-Treatments. Technologies, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies9040071 bibtex: '@article{Ehrmann_Brockhagen_Ehrmann_2021, title={Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed Cubes from Diverse PLA Materials with Different Post-Treatments}, volume={9}, DOI={10.3390/technologies9040071}, number={471}, journal={Technologies}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Ehrmann, Guido and Brockhagen, Bennet and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2021} }' chicago: Ehrmann, Guido, Bennet Brockhagen, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed Cubes from Diverse PLA Materials with Different Post-Treatments.” Technologies 9, no. 4 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies9040071. ieee: G. Ehrmann, B. Brockhagen, and A. Ehrmann, “Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed Cubes from Diverse PLA Materials with Different Post-Treatments,” Technologies, vol. 9, no. 4, 2021. mla: Ehrmann, Guido, et al. “Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed Cubes from Diverse PLA Materials with Different Post-Treatments.” Technologies, vol. 9, no. 4, 71, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:10.3390/technologies9040071. short: G. Ehrmann, B. Brockhagen, A. Ehrmann, Technologies 9 (2021). date_created: 2022-01-01T13:11:18Z date_updated: 2022-01-01T15:14:24Z department: - _id: '103' doi: 10.3390/technologies9040071 intvolume: ' 9' issue: '4' keyword: - polylactic acid (PLA) - shape-memory properties - fused deposition modeling (FDM) - three-point bending test - post-treatment - solvent - heat language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies9040071 oa: '1' publication: Technologies publication_identifier: eissn: - 2227-7080 publication_status: published publisher: MDPI AG quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed Cubes from Diverse PLA Materials with Different Post-Treatments tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: '223776' volume: 9 year: '2021' ... --- _id: '1633' abstract: - lang: eng text: " Polylactic acid (PLA) belongs to the few thermoplastic polymers that are derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugar cane. PLA is often used in 3D printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM) as it is relatively easy to print, does not show warping and can be printed without a closed building chamber. On the other hand, PLA has interesting mechanical properties which are influenced by the printing parameters and geometries. Here we present shape-memory properties of PLA cubes with different infill patterns and percentages, extending the research reported before in a conference paper. We investigate the material response under defined quasi-static load as well as the possibility to restore the original 3D printed shape. The quasi-static flexural properties are linked to the porosity and the infill structure of the samples under investigation as well as to the numbers of closed top layers, examined optically and by simulations. Our results underline the importance of designing the infill patterns carefully to develop samples with desired mechanical properties.\r\n " article_number: '164' article_type: original author: - first_name: Guido full_name: Ehrmann, Guido last_name: Ehrmann - first_name: Andrea full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea id: '223776' last_name: Ehrmann orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905 orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105571165 citation: alphadin: 'Ehrmann, Guido ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills. In: Polymers Bd. 13, MDPI AG (2021), Nr. 1' ama: Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills. Polymers. 2021;13(1). doi:10.3390/polym13010164 apa: Ehrmann, G., & Ehrmann, A. (2021). Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills. Polymers, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010164 bibtex: '@article{Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2021, title={Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills}, volume={13}, DOI={10.3390/polym13010164}, number={1164}, journal={Polymers}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Ehrmann, Guido and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2021} }' chicago: Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills.” Polymers 13, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010164. ieee: G. Ehrmann and A. Ehrmann, “Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 1, 2021. mla: Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills.” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 1, 164, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:10.3390/polym13010164. short: G. Ehrmann, A. Ehrmann, Polymers 13 (2021). date_created: 2022-01-01T14:47:53Z date_updated: 2022-01-01T15:10:09Z department: - _id: '103' doi: 10.3390/polym13010164 intvolume: ' 13' issue: '1' keyword: - polylactic acid (PLA) - fused deposition modeling - 3-point bending test - infill parameters - infill density - shape-memory properties language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010164 oa: '1' publication: Polymers publication_identifier: eissn: - 2073-4360 publication_status: published publisher: MDPI AG quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Investigation of the Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures with Different Infills tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: '223776' volume: 13 year: '2021' ... --- _id: '1610' abstract: - lang: eng text: " Poly(lactic acid) is not only one of the most often used materials for 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM), but also a shape-memory polymer. This means that objects printed from PLA can, to a certain extent, be deformed and regenerate their original shape automatically when they are heated to a moderate temperature of about 60–100 °C. It is important to note that pure PLA cannot restore broken bonds, so that it is necessary to find structures which can take up large forces by deformation without full breaks. Here we report on the continuation of previous tests on 3D-printed cubes with different infill patterns and degrees, now investigating the influence of the orientation of the applied pressure on the recovery properties. We find that for the applied gyroid pattern, indentation on the front parallel to the layers gives the worst recovery due to nearly full layer separation, while indentation on the front perpendicular to the layers or diagonal gives significantly better results. Pressing from the top, either diagonal or parallel to an edge, interestingly leads to a different residual strain than pressing from front, with indentation on top always firstly leading to an expansion towards the indenter after the first few quasi-static load tests. To quantitatively evaluate these results, new measures are suggested which could be adopted by other groups working on shape-memory polymers.\r\n " article_number: '1275' article_type: original author: - first_name: Guido full_name: Ehrmann, Guido last_name: Ehrmann - first_name: Andrea full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea id: '223776' last_name: Ehrmann orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905 orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105571915 citation: alphadin: 'Ehrmann, Guido ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree. In: Polymers Bd. 13, MDPI AG (2021), Nr. 8' ama: Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree. Polymers. 2021;13(8). doi:10.3390/polym13081275 apa: Ehrmann, G., & Ehrmann, A. (2021). Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree. Polymers, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081275 bibtex: '@article{Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2021, title={Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree}, volume={13}, DOI={10.3390/polym13081275}, number={81275}, journal={Polymers}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Ehrmann, Guido and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2021} }' chicago: Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree.” Polymers 13, no. 8 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081275. ieee: G. Ehrmann and A. Ehrmann, “Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 8, 2021. mla: Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree.” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 8, 1275, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:10.3390/polym13081275. short: G. Ehrmann, A. Ehrmann, Polymers 13 (2021). date_created: 2022-01-01T14:20:58Z date_updated: 2022-01-01T15:04:04Z department: - _id: '103' doi: 10.3390/polym13081275 intvolume: ' 13' issue: '8' keyword: - polylactic acid (PLA) - fused deposition modeling (FDM) - three-point bending test - infill parameters - infill density - shape-memory properties language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081275 oa: '1' publication: Polymers publication_identifier: eissn: - 2073-4360 publication_status: published publisher: MDPI AG quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Pressure Orientation-Dependent Recovery of 3D-Printed PLA Objects with Varying Infill Degree tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: '223776' volume: 13 year: '2021' ... --- _id: '682' abstract: - lang: eng text: Polylactic acid (PLA) belongs to the few thermoplastic polymers that are derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugar cane. PLA is often used in 3D printing by fused deposition modelling (FDM) since it is relatively easy to print, does not show warping and can be printed without a closed building chamber. On the other hand, PLA has interesting mechanical properties which are influenced by the printing parameters and geometries. Here we present shape-memory properties of PLA cubes with different infill patterns and percentages. We investigate the material response under defined quasi-static load as well as the possibility to restore the original 3D printed shape. The quasi-static flexural properties are linked to the porosity and the infill structure of the samples under investigation, examined optically and by simulations. Our results underline the importance of designing the infill patterns carefully to develop samples with desired mechanical properties. author: - first_name: Guido full_name: Ehrmann, Guido last_name: Ehrmann - first_name: Andrea full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea id: '223776' last_name: Ehrmann orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905 orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105572577 citation: alphadin: 'Ehrmann, Guido ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures. In: The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials : MDPI, 2020' ama: 'Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures. In: The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials. MDPI; 2020.' apa: Ehrmann, G., & Ehrmann, A. (2020). Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures. In The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials. MDPI. bibtex: '@inproceedings{Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2020, title={ Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures}, booktitle={The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials}, publisher={MDPI}, author={Ehrmann, Guido and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2020} }' chicago: Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “ Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures.” In The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials. MDPI, 2020. ieee: G. Ehrmann and A. Ehrmann, “ Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures,” in The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials, 2020. mla: Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “ Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures.” The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials, MDPI, 2020. short: 'G. Ehrmann, A. Ehrmann, in: The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials, MDPI, 2020.' conference: end_date: 25 November 2020 name: The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials start_date: 5 November 2020 date_created: 2021-01-03T17:54:51Z date_updated: 2022-01-01T15:23:44Z department: - _id: '103' file: - access_level: open_access content_type: application/pdf creator: aehrmann date_created: 2021-01-03T17:53:23Z date_updated: 2021-01-03T17:53:23Z file_id: '683' file_name: 2020_EhrmannG_Sciforum.pdf file_size: 1037888 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2021-01-03T17:53:23Z has_accepted_license: '1' keyword: - polylactic acid - fused deposition modelling - 3 point bending test - infill parameters - infill density - shape-memory properties language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' oa: '1' publication: The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials publication_status: published publisher: MDPI quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: ' Shape-memory properties of 3D printed PLA structures' type: conference user_id: '223776' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '1626' abstract: - lang: eng text: ' Polylactic acid (PLA) belongs to the few thermoplastic polymers that are derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugar cane. PLA is often used in 3D printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM) since it is relatively easy to print, does not show warping, and can be printed without a closed building chamber. On the other hand, PLA has interesting mechanical properties which are influenced by the printing parameters and geometries. Here we present shape-memory properties of PLA cubes with different infill patterns and percentages. We investigate the material response under defined quasi-static load as well as the possibility to restore the original 3D printed shape. The quasi-static flexural properties are linked to the porosity and the infill structure of the samples under investigation, examined optically and by simulations. Our results underline the importance of designing the infill patterns carefully to develop samples with desired mechanical properties. ' author: - first_name: Guido full_name: Ehrmann, Guido last_name: Ehrmann - first_name: Andrea full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea id: '223776' last_name: Ehrmann orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905 orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105571396 citation: alphadin: 'Ehrmann, Guido ; Ehrmann, Andrea: Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures. In: Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020. Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, 2020, S. 7198' ama: 'Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures. In: Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI; 2020:7198. doi:10.3390/CGPM2020-07198' apa: 'Ehrmann, G., & Ehrmann, A. (2020). Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures. In Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020 (p. 7198). Basel, Switzerland: MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/CGPM2020-07198' bibtex: '@inproceedings{Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2020, place={Basel, Switzerland}, title={Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures}, DOI={10.3390/CGPM2020-07198}, booktitle={Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020}, publisher={MDPI}, author={Ehrmann, Guido and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2020}, pages={7198} }' chicago: 'Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures.” In Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020, 7198. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/CGPM2020-07198.' ieee: G. Ehrmann and A. Ehrmann, “Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures,” in Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020, Sciforum.net, 2020, p. 7198. mla: Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures.” Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020, MDPI, 2020, p. 7198, doi:10.3390/CGPM2020-07198. short: 'G. Ehrmann, A. Ehrmann, in: Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020, MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 2020, p. 7198.' conference: location: Sciforum.net name: The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020 date_created: 2022-01-01T14:39:25Z date_updated: 2022-01-01T14:54:53Z department: - _id: '103' doi: 10.3390/CGPM2020-07198 keyword: - polylactic acid - fused deposition modelling - 3-point bending test - infill parameters - infill density - shape-memory properties language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.3390/CGPM2020-07198 oa: '1' page: '7198' place: Basel, Switzerland publication: Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020 publication_status: published publisher: MDPI quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed PLA Structures tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: conference user_id: '223776' year: '2020' ...