TY - JOUR AB - A first limited approach for the automated production of crocheted fabrics was introduced in 2019. However, the knowledge on crocheted fabrics is very scarce and only few technical applications are presented in the literature. To provide a basis for possible future technical applications, the general tensile properties of crocheted fabrics are explored, and a promising application as composite reinforcement is introduced. Due to the early development state of the crochet machine prototype, conventionally hand-made crocheted fabrics are studied and the benefit of improving the machine is evaluated. The mechanical properties of crocheted fabrics depend significantly on the individual crocheter, but fabrics produced from the same person are sufficiently reproducible for reasonable investigations. Anisotropic properties with a trend toward higher resisted forces in course compared to wale direction were identified with crochets constructed from single crochet (sc) and from half double crochet (hdc) stitches. Furthermore, a tendency toward higher possible loads at larger elongations was revealed for crocheted fabrics compared to knitted ones. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time crocheted aramid fabrics were used in epoxy composites. With a crocheted reinforcement in a non-cut composite produced by vacuum-assisted hand lay-up, significantly higher ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus were recorded compared to a knitted one with comparable fracture modes. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Steenbock, Liska AU - Dotter, Marius AU - Funke, Herbert AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 3747 JF - Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics SN - 1558-9250 TI - Principle capabilities of crocheted fabrics for composite materials VL - 18 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the context of the energy transition to renewables, the spotlight is on large systems connected to the power grid, but this also offers room for smaller, more specialized applications. Photovoltaics, in particular, offer the possibility of the self-sufficient supply of smaller electrical appliances on smaller scales. The idea of making previously unused surfaces usable is by no means new, and textiles such as backpacks, tent tarpaulins and other covers are particularly suitable for this purpose. In order to create a non-toxic and easily recyclable product, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), which can be manufactured through electrospinning with a textile feel, are an attractive option here. Therefore, this paper investigates a needle electrospun nanofiber mat, whose spin solution contains polyacrylonitrile (PAN) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as well es TiO2 nanoparticles. In addition to characterization, the nanofiber mat was dyed in a solution containing anthocyanins to later serve as a front electrode for a dye-sensitized solar cell. Although of lower efficiency, the DSSC provides stable results over two months of measurement. AU - Dotter, Marius AU - Placke, Lion Lukas AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Güth, Uwe ID - 2577 IS - 4 JF - Tekstilec KW - dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) KW - long-term stability KW - electrospinning KW - polyacrylonitrile (PAN) KW - TiO2 nanoparticles SN - 0351-3386 TI - Characterization of PAN-TiO2 Nanofiber Mats and their Application as Front Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells VL - 65 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Crocheted textiles receive scarce scientific study and are at present not produced in automatized industrial scale. Computer-aided modelling and simulation offer capabilities for investigating possible technical fields of application. In this context a novel approach for modelling crocheted textiles consisting of chains, slip stitches and single crochets using a topology based and parameterized key point representation at the meso scale is proposed. According to the stitch size, yarn diameter and pattern spline interpolated models, which are free of interpenetrations up to approximately a 1/10 ratio of yarn diameter to stitch size, are generated by a developed Python program and software from the company TexMind. The models are suitable for finite element method (FEM) applications with LS-DYNA with which the mechanical properties of crocheted textiles can be studied. Exemplary simulations show anisotropic properties and homogeneous distribution of stresses in a crocheted textile. Due to the computationally simple and flexible modelling the presented approach may serve as a tool for designing planar crocheted textiles. This allows for estimation of the required yarn length and offers the prediction capabilities of simple and fast FEM simulations based on beam elements. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Gerber, Dennis AU - Steenbock, Liska AU - Kyosev, Yordan ID - 2181 JF - Journal of Industrial Textiles SN - 1528-0837 TI - Topology based modelling of crochet structures VL - 52 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Long-term stability belongs to the main problems of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), impeding their practical application. Especially the usually fluid electrolyte tends to evaporation, thus drying the cells if they are not perfectly sealed. While gelling the electrolyte with different polymers often reduces the efficiency, using a glycerol-based electrolyte was already shown to result in similar or even improved efficiency. At the same time, drying of the cells was significantly reduced. Here we report on improving glycerol-based electrolytes further by varying the iodine-triiodide ratio and the overall concentration in the electrolyte. Long-term tests with unsealed glass-based DSSCs were performed over more than 1 year, showing that most of the cells increased efficiency during this time, opposite to cells with a commercial solvent-based iodine-triiodide electrolyte which completely dried after 2–3 months. AU - Gossen, Katrin AU - Dotter, Marius AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 2285 IS - 2 JF - AIMS Materials Science KW - dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) KW - glycerol KW - electrolyte KW - iodine-triiodide KW - natural dye KW - long-term study TI - Long-term investigation of unsealed DSSCs with glycerol-based electrolytes of different compositions VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AB - While fused deposition modeling (FDM) and other relatively inexpensive 3D printing methods are nowadays used in many applications, the possible areas of using FDM-printed objects are still limited due to mechanical and thermal constraints. Applications for space, e.g., for microsatellites, are restricted by the usually insufficient heat resistance of the typical FDM printing materials. Printing high-temperature polymers, on the other hand, necessitates special FDM printers, which are not always available. Here, we show investigations of common polymers, processible on low-cost FDM printers, under elevated temperatures of up to 160 °C for single treatments. The polymers with the highest dimensional stability and mechanical properties after different temperature treatments were periodically heat-treated between -40 °C and +80 °C in cycles of 90 min, similar to the temperature cycles a microsatellite in the low Earth orbit (LEO) experiences. While none of the materials under investigation fully maintains its dimensions and mechanical properties, filled poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments were found most suitable for applications under these thermal conditions. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Ehrmann, Guido AU - Güth, Uwe AU - Uthoff, Jana AU - Homburg, Sarah Vanessa AU - Blachowicz, Tomasz AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 2015 IS - 14 JF - Polymers KW - additive manufacturing KW - polymers KW - space KW - microsatellites KW - thermal stability KW - dimensions KW - mechanical properties TI - Investigation of Low-Cost FDM-Printed Polymers for Elevated-Temperature Applications VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Keratin is one of the most important protein materials and can act as a sustainable biopolymer for manifold applications. This paper reports on a sustainable extraction method for keratin from wool fiber materials. The use of this extracted keratin for polymer film preparation and preparation of nano-composite materials by electrospinning is investigated. The preparation of keratin films is done in combination with the both biopolymers alginate and pectin. Keratin nanofibers are prepared in combination with the polymer polyacrylonitrile PAN. A view on antibacterial properties of the prepared films is given. As further analytic methods, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used. Finally, the preparation of new keratin containing materials is described, which may be used in future for biomedical applications. AU - Goyal, Sahil AU - Dotter, Marius AU - Diestelhorst, Elise AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Ehrmann, Andrea AU - Mahltig, Boris ID - 2029 JF - Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics KW - Keratin KW - wool KW - electrospinning KW - SEM KW - FT-IR spectroscopy KW - antimicrobial KW - antibacterial SN - 1558-9250 TI - Extraction of keratin from wool and its use as biopolymer in film formation and in electrospinning for composite material processing VL - 17 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Carbon nanofibers are used for a broad range of applications, from nano-composites to energy storage devices. They are typically produced from electrospun poly(acrylonitrile) nanofibers by thermal stabilization and carbonization. The nanofiber mats are usually placed freely movable in an oven, which leads to relaxation of internal stress within the nanofibers, making them thicker and shorter. To preserve their pristine morphology they can be mechanically fixated, which may cause the nanofibers to break. In a previous study, we demonstrated that sandwiching the nanofiber mats between metal sheets retained their morphology during stabilization and incipient carbonization at 500 °C. Here, we present a comparative study of stainless steel, titanium, copper and silicon substrate sandwiches at carbonization temperatures of 500 °C, 800 °C and 1200 °C. Helium ion microscopy revealed that all metals mostly eliminated nanofiber deformation, whereas silicone achieved the best results in this regard. The highest temperatures for which the metals were shown to be applicable were 500 °C for silicon, 800 °C for stainless steel and copper, and 1200 °C for titanium. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy revealed a higher degree of carbonization and increased crystallinity for higher temperatures, which was shown to depend on the substrate material. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Wortmann, Martin AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Frese, Natalie AU - Diestelhorst, Elise AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Hellert, Christian AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 2039 IS - 4 JF - Polymers KW - electrospinning KW - poly(acrylonitrile) KW - stabilization KW - carbonization KW - metallic substrates KW - shrinkage KW - nanofiber morphology TI - Comparative Study of Metal Substrates for Improved Carbonization of Electrospun PAN Nanofibers VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Abstract - 3D printing is nowadays used for many applications far beyond pure rapid prototyping. As tools to prepare custom-made objects which may be highly complex, different 3D printing techniques have emerged into areas of application where the mechanical, thermal, optical and other properties have to meet high requirements. Amongst them, applications for space, e.g. for microsatellites, make extreme demands regarding the stability under high temperatures. Nevertheless, polymeric 3D printed materials have several advantages for space application in comparison with metal objects. Here we thus investigate the impact of temperatures up to 85 °C and 185 °C, respectively, on typical 3D printing materials for fused deposition modeling or stereolithography (SLA) with inexpensive 3D printers. The materials are found to differ strongly in terms of mechanical properties and dimensional stability after the treatment at a higher temperature, with SLA resins and co-polyester showing the best dimensional stability, while acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene and SLA resin after long UV post-treatment has the best mechanical properties. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Ehrmann, Guido AU - Uthoff, Jana AU - Diestelhorst, Elise AU - Blachowicz, Tomasz AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 2043 IS - 1 JF - Materials Futures TI - Investigating inexpensive polymeric 3D printed materials under extreme thermal conditions VL - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effects of climate change are becoming increasingly clear, and the urgency of solving the energy and resource crisis has been recognized by politicians and society. One of the most important solutions is sustainable energy technologies. The problem with the state of the art, however, is that production is energy-intensive and non-recyclable waste remains after the useful life. For monocrystalline photovoltaics, for example, there are recycling processes for glass and aluminum, but these must rather be described as downcycling. The semiconductor material is not recycled at all. Another promising technology for sustainable energy generation is dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Although efficiency and long-term stability still need to be improved, the technology has high potential to complement the state of the art. DSSCs have comparatively low production costs and can be manufactured without toxic components. In this work, we present the world’ s first experiment to test the recycling potential of non-toxic glass-based DSSCs in a melting test. The glass constituents were analyzed by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES), and the surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The glass was melted in a furnace and compared to a standard glass recycling process. The results show that the described DSSCs are suitable for glass recycling and thus can potentially circulate in a circular economy without a downcycling process. However, material properties such as chemical resistance, transparency or viscosity are not investigated in this work and need further research. AU - Schoden, Fabian AU - Schnatmann, Anna Katharina AU - Davies, Emma AU - Diederich, Dirk AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Knefelkamp, Dörthe AU - Blachowicz, Tomasz AU - Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva ID - 1513 IS - 21 JF - Materials TI - Investigating the Recycling Potential of Glass Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells—Melting Experiment VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mats are typical precursors for carbon nanofibers. They can be fixed or even elongated during stabilization and subsequent carbonization to gain straight, mechanically robust carbon nanofibers. These processes necessitate additional equipment or are—if the nanofiber mats are just fixed at the edges—prone to resulting in the specimens breaking, due to an uneven force distribution. Hence, we showed in a previous study that electrospinning PAN on aluminum foils and stabilizing them fixed on these substrates, is a suitable solution to keep the desired morphology after stabilization and incipient carbonization. Here, we report on the influence of different metallic and semiconductor substrates on the physical and chemical properties of the nanofiber mats after stabilization and carbonization at temperatures up to 1200 °C. For stabilization on a metal substrate, an optimum stabilization temperature of slightly above 240 °C was found, approached with a heating rate of 0.25 K/min. Independent from the substrate material, SEM images revealed less defect fibers in the nanofiber mats stabilized and incipiently carbonized on a metal foil. Finally, high-temperature carbonization on different substrates is shown to allow for producing metal/carbon nano-composites. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Sabantina, Lilia AU - Kaltschmidt, Bernhard AU - Tuvshinbayar, Khorolsuren AU - Braun, Laura AU - Tanzli, Ewin AU - Hütten, Andreas AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1081 IS - 1 JF - C KW - polyacrylonitrile (PAN) KW - nanofibers KW - electrospinning KW - aluminum KW - copper KW - tin KW - titanium KW - silicon wafer KW - steel KW - stabilization and carbonization TI - Stabilization and Carbonization of PAN Nanofiber Mats Electrospun on Metal Substrates VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During electrospinning, the flying nanofibers can be attracted by conductive areas such as copper tape on a nonconductive substrate, especially in case of magnetic nanofibers. The question arises, however, whether the conductivity or any other physical properties of these areas are responsible for this effect. Here, electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) on nonconductive polypropylene (PP) substrates is reported, modified with conductive copper tape as well as with diverse coatings with varying dielectric constants. The results show that in case of non-magnetic PAN fibers, especially BaTiO3 with its high dielectric constant strongly, attracts the fibers formed during electrospinning, which can be explained by local modification of the electric field due to the introduced dielectric. This process can be used to tailor the nanofiber mat thickness depending on the position. AU - Hellert, Christian AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Kaltschmidt, Bernhard AU - Hütten, Andreas AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1294 IS - 1 JF - Macromolecular Symposia SN - 1022-1360 TI - Positioning and Aligning Electrospun PAN Fibers by Conductive and Dielectric Substrate Patterns VL - 395 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Schoden, Fabian AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Eßelmann, Christian AU - Böttjer, Robin AU - Rattenholl, Anke AU - Gudermann, Frank ID - 1292 IS - 2 JF - AIMS Bioengineering SN - 2375-1495 TI - Investigating minimal requirements for plants on textile substrates in low-cost hydroponic systems VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris can be used in diverse applications from food to biofuel production. Growing them in suspension leads to challenging harvesting and processing. One possibility to overcome these problems is growing them as biofilms, i.e. adhering on a surface. While previous experiments of several research groups concentrated on flat, rigid surfaces, partly chemically modified, here the possibility to grow them on different textile substrates was investigated which were shown to be suitable as substrates for germination and growth of higher plants. Microalgae were counted after one week, subdivided into adhered and suspended ones, to evaluate the ideal substrate for cultivation and harvesting. The results show clear differences between the different woven and knitted fabrics from diverse materials, indicating that especially an open-pore jute woven fabric increased the overall algae concentration by approx. a factor of 2 and increased the adhesion of C. vulgaris by a factor of 5-10, as compared to most other textile substrates under investigation, followed by two other hairy knitted fabrics. Such textile fabrics can thus be suggested as possible substrates for improved growth and harvesting of this microalga. AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Böttjer, Robin AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 692 IS - 1 JF - AIMS Bioengineering KW - woven fabric KW - knitted fabric KW - textile substrate KW - adhesion KW - biofilm KW - jute KW - culture TI - Improved growth and harvesting of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on textile fabrics as 2.5D substrates VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Electrospun poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) nanofibers are typical precursors of carbon nanofibers. During stabilization and carbonization, however, the morphology of pristine PAN nanofibers is not retained if the as-spun nanofiber mats are treated without an external mechanical force, since internal stress tends to relax, causing the whole mats to shrink significantly, while the individual fibers thicken and curl. Stretching the nanofiber mats during thermal treatment, in contrast, can result in fractures due to inhomogeneous stress. Previous studies have shown that stabilization and carbonization of PAN nanofibers electrospun on an aluminum substrate are efficient methods to retain the fiber mat dimensions without macroscopic cracks during heat treatment. In this work, we studied different procedures of mechanical fixation via metallic substrates during thermal treatment. The influence of the metallic substrate material as well as different methods of double-sided covering of the fibers, i.e., sandwiching, were investigated. The results revealed that sandwich configurations with double-sided metallic supports not only facilitate optimal preservation of the original fiber morphology but also significantly accelerate the carbonization process. It was found that unlike regularly carbonized nanofibers, the metal supports allow complete deoxygenation at low treatment temperature and that the obtained carbon nanofibers exhibit increased crystallinity. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Hellert, Christian AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Wortmann, Martin AU - Diestelhorst, Elise AU - Frese, Natalie AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1594 IS - 16 JF - Materials KW - electrospinning KW - stabilization KW - carbonization KW - metallic substrates KW - shrinkage KW - fiber morphology TI - Metallic Supports Accelerate Carbonization and Improve Morphological Stability of Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers during Heat Treatment VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A growing population needs an expansion of agriculture to ensure a reliable supply of nutritious food. As a variable concept, vertical farming, becoming increasingly popular, can allow plant growth for local food produc¬tion in the vertical sense on, e.g. facades in addition to the classical layered structure in buildings. As substrates, textile fabrics can be used as a sustainable approach in terms of reusability. In our experiment, we investigated which properties a textile should possess in order to be suitable for an application in vertical farming by the example of cress seeds. To determine the best-fitted fabric, four different textiles were mounted vertically, and were provided with controlled irrigation and illumination. Our results showed that a hairy textile surface as provided by weft-knitted plush is advantageous. There, the rooting of cress plants used in this experiment is easier and less complicated than along tightly meshed, flat surfaces, as for woven linen fabrics. AU - Diestelhorst, Elise AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Post, Inken Blanca AU - Bache, Thorsten AU - Korchev, Rumen AU - Rattenholl, Anke AU - Gudermann, Frank AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1581 IS - 4 JF - TEKSTILEC KW - vertical farming KW - textile substrates KW - cress KW - cost-effectiveness KW - germination SN - 03513386 TI - Necessary Parameters of Vertically Mounted Textile Substrates for Successful Cultivation of Cress for Low-Budget Vertical Farming VL - 64 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is subject of constant innovation, as the problems of leakage and drying greatly reduce the long-term stability of a device. One possible way to solve these problems is the use of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) with a gelling structure, which offer different advantages based on the used polymers. Here, potential GPE systems based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent for low-cost, non-toxic and environmentally friendly DSSCs were investigated comparatively. In order to observe a potential improvement in long-term stability, the efficiencies of DSSCs with different GPEs, consisting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and their blends with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), were investigated over a period of 120 days. The results indicate that blending the polymers with PEO achieves better results concerning long-term stability and overall efficiency. Especially the mixtures with PAN and PVDF show only slight signs of deterioration after 120 days of measurement. AU - Dotter, Marius AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Surjawidjaja, Michelle AU - Adabra, Sonia AU - Grothe, Timo ID - 2169 IS - 13 JF - Applied Sciences TI - Investigation of the Long-Term Stability of Different Polymers and Their Blends with PEO to Produce Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Non-Toxic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vertical farming may solve the problem that in many regions of the world, more area would be necessary to produce food, than it is available. Especially in large cities and other densely crowded areas, vertical farming can provide an efficient and eco-friendly way to feed people. While indoor vertical farming plants are usually highly automatized, outdoor approaches are usually less professionally setup and thus often prone to drying-out, in this way disturbing of even destroying the plants grown in such setups. Here we report on semi-automated irrigation systems, combined with different textile substrates to reduce the risk of fully dried substrates, in order to make inexpensive, successful vertical farming systems available for everybody. AU - Dirkes, L AU - Massanés, J D AU - Böttjer, Robin AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1621 IS - 1 JF - IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering SN - 1757-8981 TI - Outdoor vertical farming on textile substrates VL - 1031 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vertical farming may solve the problem that in many regions of the world, more area would be necessary to produce food, than it is available. Especially in large cities and other densely crowded areas, vertical farming can provide an efficient and eco-friendly way to feed people. While indoor vertical farming plants are usually highly automatized, outdoor approaches are usually less professionally setup and thus often prone to drying-out, in this way disturbing of even destroying the plants grown in such setups. Here we report on semi-automated irrigation systems, combined with different textile substrates to reduce the risk of fully dried substrates, in order to make inexpensive, successful vertical farming systems available for everybody. AU - Dirkes, L AU - Massanés, J D AU - Böttjer, R AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1295 IS - 1 JF - IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering SN - 1757-8981 TI - Outdoor vertical farming on textile substrates VL - 1031 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The combination of textiles and three-dimensional printing offers a wide range of research and application areas, but only publications in combination with fused deposition modeling processes can be found so far. In this article the possibility of printing resin directly on textiles in the stereolithography process is presented. A broad spectrum of textiles and surfaces is examined to clearly present the feasibility. It was found that printing directly on most textiles can be performed without major difficulties, while problems were only observed on smooth surfaces and coatings on textiles. AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Storck, Jan Lukas ID - 1291 JF - Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics SN - 1558-9250 TI - Three-dimensional printing resin on different textile substrates using stereolithography: A proof of concept VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris can be used in diverse applications from food to biofuel production. Growing them in suspension leads to challenging harvesting and processing. One possibility to overcome these problems is growing them as biofilms, i.e. adhering on a surface. While previous experiments of several research groups concentrated on flat, rigid surfaces, partly chemically modified, here the possibility to grow them on different textile substrates was investigated which were shown to be suitable as substrates for germination and growth of higher plants. Microalgae were counted after one week, subdivided into adhered and suspended ones, to evaluate the ideal substrate for cultivation and harvesting. The results show clear differences between the different woven and knitted fabrics from diverse materials, indicating that especially an open-pore jute woven fabric increased the overall algae concentration by approx. a factor of 2 and increased the adhesion of C. vulgaris by a factor of 5-10, as compared to most other textile substrates under investigation, followed by two other hairy knitted fabrics. Such textile fabrics can thus be suggested as possible substrates for improved growth and harvesting of this microalga. AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Böttjer, Robin AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 2906 IS - 1 JF - AIMS Bioengineering, KW - woven fabric KW - knitted fabric KW - textile substrate KW - adhesion KW - biofilm KW - jute KW - culture TI - Improved growth and harvesting of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on textile fabrics as 2.5D substrates VL - 8 ER -