TY - JOUR AB - 3T3 Swiss albino mouse cells are often used in biotechnological applications. These cells can grow adherently on suitable surfaces. In our study, they were grown on different titanium substrates, comparing commercially available titanium sheets of grade 1 and grade 2, respectively, with Ti64 which was 3D printed with different porosity in order to identify potential substitutes for common well-plates, which could – in case of 3D printed substrates – be produced in various shapes and dimensions and thus broaden the range of substrates for cell growth in biotechnology and tissue engineering. In addition, thin layers of poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) nanofibers were electrospun on these substrates to add a nanostructure. The common titanium sheets showed lower cell cover factors than common well plates, which could not be improved by the thin nanofibrous coating. However, the Ti sheets with nanofiber mat coatings showed higher cell adhesion and proliferation than pure PAN nanofiber mats. The 3D printed Ti64 substrates prepared by laser metal fusion, on the other hand, enabled significantly higher proliferation of (66 ± 8)% cover factor after three days of cell growth than well plates which are usually applied as the gold standard for cell cultivation ((48 ± 11)% cover factor under identical conditions). Especially the Ti64 samples with higher porosity showed high cell adhesion and proliferation. Our study suggests investigating such porous Ti64 samples further as a potential future optimum for cell adhesion and proliferation. AU - Tanzli, Ewin AU - Kozior, Tomasz AU - Hajnys, Jiri AU - Mesicek, Jakub AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 4370 IS - 3 JF - Heliyon KW - 3T3 cell line KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Laser metal fusion KW - Powder bed fusion KW - Cell culture KW - Nanofibers SN - 24058440 TI - Improved cell growth on additively manufactured Ti64 substrates with varying porosity and nanofibrous coating VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Combining 3D printing, especially fused deposition modelling (FDM) as a material extrusion technique, with textile fabrics can lead to full-layer composites as well as partly reinforced textiles with different mechanical properties at different positions. While the combination of both techniques enables the production of new kinds of objects different from common fibre-reinforced matrices, the adhesion between both materials is still challenging and the subject of intense research activities. Besides well-known setup and printing parameters, such as the distance between nozzle and fabric or the extrusion temperature, material combinations, in particular, strongly influence the adhesion between 3D printed polymer and textile fabric. In this study, we investigate composites of woven fabrics from cotton (CO), polyester (PES) and a material blend (CO/PES) with newly developed thermoplastic materials for FDM printing, and show that depending on the FDM polymer, the adhesion can differ by a factor of more than four for different blends, comparing highest and lowest adhesion. AU - Erdem, Göksal AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 2912 IS - 1 JF - Tekstilec KW - 3D printing KW - fused deposition modeling (FDM) KW - high-performance polymers KW - high-performance polyolefin KW - fiber-reinforced polymers SN - 0351-3386 TI - Adhesion of new thermoplastic materials printed on textile fabrics VL - 66 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Electrospinning is often investigated for biotechnological applications, such as tissue engineering and cell growth in general. In many cases, three-dimensional scaffolds would be advantageous to prepare tissues in a desired shape. Some studies thus investigated 3D-printed scaffolds decorated with electrospun nanofibers. Here, we report on the influence of 3D-printed substrates on fiber orientation and diameter of a nanofiber mat, directly electrospun on conductive and isolating 3D-printed objects, and show the effect of shadowing, taking 3D-printed ears with electrospun nanofiber mats as an example for potential and direct application in tissue engineering in general. AU - Bauer, Laura AU - Brandstäter, Lisa AU - Letmate, Mika AU - Palachandran, Manasi AU - Wadehn, Fynn Ole AU - Wolfschmidt, Carlotta AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Güth, Uwe AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 2019 IS - 3 JF - Technologies KW - needleless electrospinning KW - poly(lactic acid) (PLA) KW - poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) KW - nanospider KW - cell adhesion KW - cell proliferation KW - 3D printing TI - Electrospinning for the Modification of 3D Objects for the Potential Use in Tissue Engineering VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Carbon nanofibers are used for a broad range of applications, from nano-composites to energy storage devices. They are typically produced from electrospun poly(acrylonitrile) nanofibers by thermal stabilization and carbonization. The nanofiber mats are usually placed freely movable in an oven, which leads to relaxation of internal stress within the nanofibers, making them thicker and shorter. To preserve their pristine morphology they can be mechanically fixated, which may cause the nanofibers to break. In a previous study, we demonstrated that sandwiching the nanofiber mats between metal sheets retained their morphology during stabilization and incipient carbonization at 500 °C. Here, we present a comparative study of stainless steel, titanium, copper and silicon substrate sandwiches at carbonization temperatures of 500 °C, 800 °C and 1200 °C. Helium ion microscopy revealed that all metals mostly eliminated nanofiber deformation, whereas silicone achieved the best results in this regard. The highest temperatures for which the metals were shown to be applicable were 500 °C for silicon, 800 °C for stainless steel and copper, and 1200 °C for titanium. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy revealed a higher degree of carbonization and increased crystallinity for higher temperatures, which was shown to depend on the substrate material. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Wortmann, Martin AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Frese, Natalie AU - Diestelhorst, Elise AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Hellert, Christian AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 2039 IS - 4 JF - Polymers KW - electrospinning KW - poly(acrylonitrile) KW - stabilization KW - carbonization KW - metallic substrates KW - shrinkage KW - nanofiber morphology TI - Comparative Study of Metal Substrates for Improved Carbonization of Electrospun PAN Nanofibers VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mats are typical precursors for carbon nanofibers. They can be fixed or even elongated during stabilization and subsequent carbonization to gain straight, mechanically robust carbon nanofibers. These processes necessitate additional equipment or are—if the nanofiber mats are just fixed at the edges—prone to resulting in the specimens breaking, due to an uneven force distribution. Hence, we showed in a previous study that electrospinning PAN on aluminum foils and stabilizing them fixed on these substrates, is a suitable solution to keep the desired morphology after stabilization and incipient carbonization. Here, we report on the influence of different metallic and semiconductor substrates on the physical and chemical properties of the nanofiber mats after stabilization and carbonization at temperatures up to 1200 °C. For stabilization on a metal substrate, an optimum stabilization temperature of slightly above 240 °C was found, approached with a heating rate of 0.25 K/min. Independent from the substrate material, SEM images revealed less defect fibers in the nanofiber mats stabilized and incipiently carbonized on a metal foil. Finally, high-temperature carbonization on different substrates is shown to allow for producing metal/carbon nano-composites. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Sabantina, Lilia AU - Kaltschmidt, Bernhard AU - Tuvshinbayar, Khorolsuren AU - Braun, Laura AU - Tanzli, Ewin AU - Hütten, Andreas AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1081 IS - 1 JF - C KW - polyacrylonitrile (PAN) KW - nanofibers KW - electrospinning KW - aluminum KW - copper KW - tin KW - titanium KW - silicon wafer KW - steel KW - stabilization and carbonization TI - Stabilization and Carbonization of PAN Nanofiber Mats Electrospun on Metal Substrates VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During electrospinning, the flying nanofibers can be attracted by conductive areas such as copper tape on a nonconductive substrate, especially in case of magnetic nanofibers. The question arises, however, whether the conductivity or any other physical properties of these areas are responsible for this effect. Here, electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) on nonconductive polypropylene (PP) substrates is reported, modified with conductive copper tape as well as with diverse coatings with varying dielectric constants. The results show that in case of non-magnetic PAN fibers, especially BaTiO3 with its high dielectric constant strongly, attracts the fibers formed during electrospinning, which can be explained by local modification of the electric field due to the introduced dielectric. This process can be used to tailor the nanofiber mat thickness depending on the position. AU - Hellert, Christian AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Kaltschmidt, Bernhard AU - Hütten, Andreas AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1294 IS - 1 JF - Macromolecular Symposia SN - 1022-1360 TI - Positioning and Aligning Electrospun PAN Fibers by Conductive and Dielectric Substrate Patterns VL - 395 ER - TY - GEN AU - Grothe, Timo ID - 2915 TI - Potential applications of stereolithographic 3D printing technique addressing biomechatronic challenges ER - TY - CHAP AU - Grothe, Timo ID - 2911 SN - 9780128207772 T2 - Nanosensors and Nanodevices for Smart Multifunctional Textiles TI - Soft capacitor fibers using conductive polymers for electronic textiles ER - TY - JOUR AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Schoden, Fabian AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Eßelmann, Christian AU - Böttjer, Robin AU - Rattenholl, Anke AU - Gudermann, Frank ID - 1292 IS - 2 JF - AIMS Bioengineering SN - 2375-1495 TI - Investigating minimal requirements for plants on textile substrates in low-cost hydroponic systems VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris can be used in diverse applications from food to biofuel production. Growing them in suspension leads to challenging harvesting and processing. One possibility to overcome these problems is growing them as biofilms, i.e. adhering on a surface. While previous experiments of several research groups concentrated on flat, rigid surfaces, partly chemically modified, here the possibility to grow them on different textile substrates was investigated which were shown to be suitable as substrates for germination and growth of higher plants. Microalgae were counted after one week, subdivided into adhered and suspended ones, to evaluate the ideal substrate for cultivation and harvesting. The results show clear differences between the different woven and knitted fabrics from diverse materials, indicating that especially an open-pore jute woven fabric increased the overall algae concentration by approx. a factor of 2 and increased the adhesion of C. vulgaris by a factor of 5-10, as compared to most other textile substrates under investigation, followed by two other hairy knitted fabrics. Such textile fabrics can thus be suggested as possible substrates for improved growth and harvesting of this microalga. AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Böttjer, Robin AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 692 IS - 1 JF - AIMS Bioengineering KW - woven fabric KW - knitted fabric KW - textile substrate KW - adhesion KW - biofilm KW - jute KW - culture TI - Improved growth and harvesting of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on textile fabrics as 2.5D substrates VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Electrospun poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) nanofibers are typical precursors of carbon nanofibers. During stabilization and carbonization, however, the morphology of pristine PAN nanofibers is not retained if the as-spun nanofiber mats are treated without an external mechanical force, since internal stress tends to relax, causing the whole mats to shrink significantly, while the individual fibers thicken and curl. Stretching the nanofiber mats during thermal treatment, in contrast, can result in fractures due to inhomogeneous stress. Previous studies have shown that stabilization and carbonization of PAN nanofibers electrospun on an aluminum substrate are efficient methods to retain the fiber mat dimensions without macroscopic cracks during heat treatment. In this work, we studied different procedures of mechanical fixation via metallic substrates during thermal treatment. The influence of the metallic substrate material as well as different methods of double-sided covering of the fibers, i.e., sandwiching, were investigated. The results revealed that sandwich configurations with double-sided metallic supports not only facilitate optimal preservation of the original fiber morphology but also significantly accelerate the carbonization process. It was found that unlike regularly carbonized nanofibers, the metal supports allow complete deoxygenation at low treatment temperature and that the obtained carbon nanofibers exhibit increased crystallinity. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Hellert, Christian AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Wortmann, Martin AU - Diestelhorst, Elise AU - Frese, Natalie AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1594 IS - 16 JF - Materials KW - electrospinning KW - stabilization KW - carbonization KW - metallic substrates KW - shrinkage KW - fiber morphology TI - Metallic Supports Accelerate Carbonization and Improve Morphological Stability of Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers during Heat Treatment VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A growing population needs an expansion of agriculture to ensure a reliable supply of nutritious food. As a variable concept, vertical farming, becoming increasingly popular, can allow plant growth for local food produc¬tion in the vertical sense on, e.g. facades in addition to the classical layered structure in buildings. As substrates, textile fabrics can be used as a sustainable approach in terms of reusability. In our experiment, we investigated which properties a textile should possess in order to be suitable for an application in vertical farming by the example of cress seeds. To determine the best-fitted fabric, four different textiles were mounted vertically, and were provided with controlled irrigation and illumination. Our results showed that a hairy textile surface as provided by weft-knitted plush is advantageous. There, the rooting of cress plants used in this experiment is easier and less complicated than along tightly meshed, flat surfaces, as for woven linen fabrics. AU - Diestelhorst, Elise AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Post, Inken Blanca AU - Bache, Thorsten AU - Korchev, Rumen AU - Rattenholl, Anke AU - Gudermann, Frank AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1581 IS - 4 JF - TEKSTILEC KW - vertical farming KW - textile substrates KW - cress KW - cost-effectiveness KW - germination SN - 03513386 TI - Necessary Parameters of Vertically Mounted Textile Substrates for Successful Cultivation of Cress for Low-Budget Vertical Farming VL - 64 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is subject of constant innovation, as the problems of leakage and drying greatly reduce the long-term stability of a device. One possible way to solve these problems is the use of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) with a gelling structure, which offer different advantages based on the used polymers. Here, potential GPE systems based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent for low-cost, non-toxic and environmentally friendly DSSCs were investigated comparatively. In order to observe a potential improvement in long-term stability, the efficiencies of DSSCs with different GPEs, consisting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and their blends with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), were investigated over a period of 120 days. The results indicate that blending the polymers with PEO achieves better results concerning long-term stability and overall efficiency. Especially the mixtures with PAN and PVDF show only slight signs of deterioration after 120 days of measurement. AU - Dotter, Marius AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Surjawidjaja, Michelle AU - Adabra, Sonia AU - Grothe, Timo ID - 2169 IS - 13 JF - Applied Sciences TI - Investigation of the Long-Term Stability of Different Polymers and Their Blends with PEO to Produce Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Non-Toxic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent advances in optoelectronics are often based on thin-film organic semiconductors. Interesting organic semiconductors are given by squaraines, small molecules that show excitonic coupling with visible light and are thus suitable for applications in solar cells and light sensors. While such squaraine thin films have already been proven to be suitable for stimulation of neuronal model cells, the integration into, e.g., the human eye to support blind people necessitates forming thin layers on seamless substrates. Herein, squaraine films are spin-coated on electrospun nanofiber mats and nanomembranes, prepared from polyacrylonitrile, and made conductive by spin coating with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The fibrous non-woven texture of the nanofiber mats and membranes alters the thin film formation of the squaraine compound considerably compared with preparation on planar, nonsoaking substrates such as glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foil demanding further engineering regarding material's choice and processing conditions. AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Böhm, Tobias AU - Habashy, Karim AU - Abdullaeva, Oliya S. AU - Zablocki, Jennifer AU - Lützen, Arne AU - Dedek, Karin AU - Schiek, Manuela AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 1607 IS - 6 JF - physica status solidi (b) SN - 0370-1972 TI - Optical Index Matching, Flexible Electrospun Substrates for Seamless Organic Photocapacitive Sensors VL - 258 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The combination of textiles and three-dimensional printing offers a wide range of research and application areas, but only publications in combination with fused deposition modeling processes can be found so far. In this article the possibility of printing resin directly on textiles in the stereolithography process is presented. A broad spectrum of textiles and surfaces is examined to clearly present the feasibility. It was found that printing directly on most textiles can be performed without major difficulties, while problems were only observed on smooth surfaces and coatings on textiles. AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Storck, Jan Lukas ID - 1291 JF - Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics SN - 1558-9250 TI - Three-dimensional printing resin on different textile substrates using stereolithography: A proof of concept VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris can be used in diverse applications from food to biofuel production. Growing them in suspension leads to challenging harvesting and processing. One possibility to overcome these problems is growing them as biofilms, i.e. adhering on a surface. While previous experiments of several research groups concentrated on flat, rigid surfaces, partly chemically modified, here the possibility to grow them on different textile substrates was investigated which were shown to be suitable as substrates for germination and growth of higher plants. Microalgae were counted after one week, subdivided into adhered and suspended ones, to evaluate the ideal substrate for cultivation and harvesting. The results show clear differences between the different woven and knitted fabrics from diverse materials, indicating that especially an open-pore jute woven fabric increased the overall algae concentration by approx. a factor of 2 and increased the adhesion of C. vulgaris by a factor of 5-10, as compared to most other textile substrates under investigation, followed by two other hairy knitted fabrics. Such textile fabrics can thus be suggested as possible substrates for improved growth and harvesting of this microalga. AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Böttjer, Robin AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 2906 IS - 1 JF - AIMS Bioengineering, KW - woven fabric KW - knitted fabric KW - textile substrate KW - adhesion KW - biofilm KW - jute KW - culture TI - Improved growth and harvesting of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on textile fabrics as 2.5D substrates VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Electrospinning can be used to create nanofibers from diverse polymers in which also other materials can be embedded. Inclusion of magnetic nanoparticles, for example, results in preparation of magnetic nanofibers which are usually isotropically distributed on the substrate. One method to create a preferred direction is using a spinning cylinder as the substrate, which is not always possible, especially in commercial electrospinning machines. Here, another simple technique to partly align magnetic nanofibers is investigated. Since electrospinning works in a strong electric field and the fibers thus carry charges when landing on the substrate, using partly conductive substrates leads to a current flow through the conductive parts of the substrate which, according to Ampère’s right-hand grip rule, creates a magnetic field around it. We observed that this magnetic field, on the other hand, can partly align magnetic nanofibers perpendicular to the borders of the current flow conductor. We report on the first observations of electrospinning magnetic nanofibers on partly conductive substrates with some of the conductive areas additionally being grounded, resulting in partly oriented magnetic nanofibers. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Mamun, Al AU - Sabantina, Lilia AU - Klöcker, Michaela AU - Blachowicz, Tomasz AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 2904 IS - 1 JF - Materials TI - Orientation of Electrospun Magnetic Nanofibers Near Conductive Areas VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Alongside efficiency, long-term stability of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is a key factor regarding their commercialization. One suitable and cost-effective method to increase the long-term stability is to prevent leakage and evaporation of the electrolyte by gelling it with polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and gaining a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). In this study, a GPE based on PEO and glycerol is investigated for the first time as electrolyte for environmentally friendly DSSCs with natural dyes. To evaluate the novel glycerol/PEO GPE, the ionic conductivity and resulting efficiency progressions of DSSCs were measured for 75 days. Different molecular weights (MWs) of PEO and blending with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) had negligible impact on efficiencies. 17 wt% PEO was found to be more suitable than lower concentrations and resulted in a relatively high efficiency over 75 days. A glycerol electrolyte without PEO had higher ionic conductivity and achieved higher efficiencies as well but leaked from the unsealed DSSCs. In addition, the reproducibility was examined especially, which appeared to be reduced by considerable differences between identical DSSCs and between measurements of the same DSSC at different times. This emphasizes the relevance of studying multiple DSSC per sample to ensure reliable results. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Dotter, Marius AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Grothe, Timo ID - 1082 IS - 12 JF - Crystals TI - Evaluation of Novel Glycerol/PEO Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Non-Toxic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Natural Dyes Regarding Long-Term Stability and Reproducibility VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To overcome the long-term stability problems of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) due to solvent evaporation and leakage, gelling the electrolyte with polymers is an appropriate option. Especially for future applications of textile-based DSSCs, which require cost-effective and environmentally friendly materials, such an improvement of the electrolyte is necessary. Therefore, the temporal progressions of efficiencies and fill factors of non-toxic glass-based DSSCs resulting from different gel electrolytes with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) are investigated over 52 days comparatively. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) proved to be a suitable non-toxic solvent for the proposed gel electrolyte without ionic liquids. A PEO concentration of 17.4 wt% resulted in an optimal compromise with a relatively high efficiency over the entire period. Lower concentrations resulted in higher efficiencies during the first days but in a poorer long-term stability, whereas a higher PEO concentration resulted in an overall lower efficiency. Solvent remaining in the gel electrolyte during application was found advantageous compared to previous solvent evaporation. In contrast to a commercial liquid electrolyte, the long-term stability regarding the efficiency was improved successfully with a similar fill factor and thus equal quality. AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Dotter, Marius AU - Adabra, Sonia AU - Surjawidjaja, Michelle AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Grothe, Timo ID - 1083 IS - 12 JF - Polymers TI - Long-Term Stability Improvement of Non-Toxic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells via Poly(ethylene oxide) Gel Electrolytes for Future Textile-Based Solar Cells VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Marine macroalgae are cultivated for diverse applications, from biofuel and biogas to biofiltering, from food to cosmetics or pharmaceuticals. Since macroalgae cultivation does not compete with land-based food crops for the necessary arable land or fresh water, it can increase the possibilities of sustainably harvested biomass. New technologies permit even land-based growing of marine macroalgae, besides the more common coastal or offshore cultivation. All these technologies, however, raise the question of how to provide ideal cultivation conditions, especially for adherent macroalgae, and of how to harvest them economically and sustainably. While some reports about growing marine macroalgae on diverse textile materials, such as polyester ropes or polypropylene nets, can be found in the literature, we report here for the first time on the growth of a marine macroalga on knitted fabrics. In our study, Ectocarpus sp. was cultivated in shallow rectangular cultivation vessels on knitted fabrics of various materials and structures revealing a significant influence of both parameters. Undesired changes of the pH value in the cultivation system as well as foam generation were attributed to textile auxiliaries. Considering all these influences, the best-suited knitted fabrics were identified as open-pore structures from hairy yarns made partly or completely from natural fibres. AU - Sebök, Stefan AU - Brockhagen, Bennet AU - Storck, Jan Lukas AU - Post, Inken Blanca AU - Bache, Thorsten AU - Korchev, Rumen AU - Böttjer, Robin AU - Grothe, Timo AU - Ehrmann, Andrea ID - 677 JF - Environmental Technology KW - Marine macroalgae KW - knitted fabrics KW - Ectocarpus sp KW - cultivation KW - harvesting SN - 0959-3330 TI - Growth of marine macroalgae Ectocarpus sp. on various textile substrates VL - online first ER -