--- res: bibo_abstract: - " Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of the microscopic techniques with the highest lateral resolution. It can usually be applied in air or even in liquids, enabling the investigation of a broader range of samples than scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which is mostly performed in vacuum. Since it works by following the sample surface based on the force between the scanning tip and the sample, interactions have to be taken into account, making the AFM of irregular samples complicated, but on the other hand it allows measurements of more physical parameters than pure topography. This is especially important for biopolymers and hydrogels used in tissue engineering and other biotechnological applications, where elastic properties, surface charges and other parameters influence mammalian cell adhesion and growth as well as many other effects. This review gives an overview of AFM modes relevant for the investigations of biopolymers and hydrogels and shows several examples of recent applications, focusing on the polysaccharides chitosan, alginate, carrageenan and different hydrogels, but depicting also a broader spectrum of materials on which different AFM measurements are reported in the literature.\r\n @eng" bibo_authorlist: - foaf_Person: foaf_givenName: Jnanada Shrikant foaf_name: Joshi, Jnanada Shrikant foaf_surname: Joshi foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=231115 orcid: 0000-0001-6063-5989 - foaf_Person: foaf_givenName: Sarah Vanessa foaf_name: Homburg, Sarah Vanessa foaf_surname: Homburg foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=216742 - foaf_Person: foaf_givenName: Andrea foaf_name: Ehrmann, Andrea foaf_surname: Ehrmann foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=223776 orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905 bibo_doi: 10.3390/polym14061267 bibo_issue: '6' bibo_volume: 14 dct_date: 2022^xs_gYear dct_isPartOf: - http://id.crossref.org/issn/2073-4360 dct_language: eng dct_publisher: MDPI AG@ dct_subject: - nanoindentation - elastic modulus - peak force quantitative nanomechanical mapping - KPFM - interaction forces - adhesion - impedance - adsorption - ultracentrifugation - drop deposition dct_title: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) on Biopolymers and Hydrogels for Biotechnological Applications—Possibilities and Limits@ ...